Science Culminating

By hana.m31208 | Updated: Jan. 21, 2024, 7:12 a.m.

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What is an Epi Pen?
What is an Epi Pen?
An Epi Pen, also known as an epinephrine auto injector, is a medical device that is used to give a dose or multiple doses of epinephrine. It is most commonly used to treat severe allergic reactions, also called anaphylaxis.

How do Epi Pens relate to biology?
How do Epi Pens relate to biology?
3.4 The Circulatory System 
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. During anaphylaxis, blood pressure drops and blood flow is compromised. Epi Pens counteract this by:

-   Causing blood vessels to constrict to make up for the drop in blood pressure and maintain good blood flow to vital organs.

-   Increasing force and rate of heartbeat to restore blood flow quicker

3.6 The Respiratory System
The respiratory system consists of the airways, lungs and structures involved with breathing. Anaphylaxis results in wheezing, shortness of breath and even respiratory failure. To combat these issues Epi Pens-

-   Widen airways in a process called bronchodilation. In this process the smooth muscle around airways is relaxed, resulting in improved airflow.

- Improve oxygen exchange by using bronchodilation to improve breathing, which results in more oxygen in the bloodstream to circulate to the vital organs.  This prevents hypoxia which is a lack of oxygen supply to tissues.

3.10 The Nervous System
The nervous system consists of a central and peripheral system. Epi Pens have an effect on both  systems during anaphylaxis.

-   Rapidly counteracts the confusion or loss of conciousness caused by anaphylaxis in the central nervous system

-   Acts on certain receptors in the peripheral nervous system to trigger a fast response to anaphylaxis.

How do Epi Pens relate to chemistry?
How do Epi Pens relate to chemistry?
5.1 Properties and Changes
A physical property is a description of a substance that does not involve forming a new substance. Physical properties of the epinephrine inside of EpiPens include:

-   White
-   Odourless
-   Melting point: 211-212 degrees celsius

A chemical property is a description of what a substance does as it changes into one or more new substances. A chemical property of the epinephrine inside an Epi Pen is:

-   Upon exposure to oxygen, epinephrine turns pink and then turns brown

5.10 Molecules and Covalent Bonding
A molecular compound is a pure substance formed from two or more nonmetals. The chemical formula of a molecular compound includes the chemical symbol and the exact number of atoms in each molecule. The chemical formula of epinephrine is C9H13NO3.

7.3 The pH Scale
pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is. The pH scale ranges from 0-14, with 0 being the most acidic and 14 being the most basic/alkaline. The epinephrine in Epipen alkaline which is essential for its functions and effectiveness.

-   Maintaining alkalinity stabilizes the chemical structure of epinephrine and preserves its potency.

-   Epi Pens treat anaphylaxis by adrenergic receptors. Alkalinity optimizes interaction with these receptors.

-   Epi Pens are designed to inject the epinephrine into the body. The body tolerates the injection of alkaline solutions better than the injection of acidic solutions.

How do Epi Pens relate to society, technology, and the environment?
How do Epi Pens relate to society technology and the environment?
Society
EpiPens have major benefits to public health and safety. Having Epi Pens to provide a quick and life saving response in the event of anaphylaxis is crucial to a safe and inclusive society for those with severe allergies.

Technology
There have been many technological advancements for EpiPens. 
Smart Epi Pens: have sensors and connectivity that allows them to give real time information to emergency services
Epi Sliders: tracking mechanism to remind user when they forget it

Environment
Epi Pens are single use only. The packaging immediately becomes medical waste after use. If this medical waste is not disposed of properly it can result in it contaminating the environment. This could cause harm to the ecosystem it contaminates and its plants and animals.

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Science Culminating

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